8+ Tips: How to Avoid Paying Alimony in WA State (2024)


8+ Tips: How to Avoid Paying Alimony in WA State (2024)

Spousal upkeep, continuously termed alimony, represents a monetary help mechanism prolonged from one partner to a different following a divorce or authorized separation. The willpower of its necessity and quantity in Washington State entails multifaceted elements assessed by the courtroom, together with the period of the wedding, the monetary sources of every occasion, and their incomes potential. Understanding these influencing components is prime to doubtlessly mitigating or eliminating the duty to offer such help.

The potential implications of spousal upkeep are important, affecting the monetary stability and long-term prospects of each people concerned. Its presence can considerably alter post-divorce budgetary planning. Traditionally, alimony aimed to deal with financial disparities arising from conventional marital roles, however trendy functions additionally contemplate particular person circumstances and contributions through the marriage. Methods geared toward affecting this obligation require cautious consideration of authorized precedents and an intensive understanding of economic documentation.

The succeeding sections will delve into actionable methods which can affect the courtroom’s determination relating to spousal upkeep. Particularly, emphasis might be positioned on prenuptial and postnuptial agreements, demonstrating restricted want for help, difficult the requesting partner’s monetary claims, and exploring modifications primarily based on substantial modifications in circumstances.

1. Prenuptial Agreements

Prenuptial agreements, executed earlier than a wedding, present a legally binding framework for asset division and spousal upkeep within the occasion of divorce. Throughout the context of methods to mitigate or get rid of post-divorce help obligations in Washington State, these agreements symbolize a proactive and infrequently efficient mechanism for establishing predefined phrases.

  • Defining Spousal Upkeep Phrases

    A prenuptial settlement can explicitly waive spousal upkeep fully, restrict its period, or outline the particular quantity to be paid. This provision provides certainty and predictability, stopping doubtlessly unfavorable outcomes decided by the courtroom primarily based on post-marriage circumstances. For instance, a pair coming into a wedding with important pre-marital property could agree that neither occasion might be entitled to spousal help, whatever the size of the wedding.

  • Defending Separate Property

    Prenuptial agreements delineate separate property, stopping it from being commingled with group property through the marriage. This distinction is essential as a result of spousal upkeep determinations typically contemplate the property obtainable to every occasion. By preserving the separate nature of property, a prenuptial settlement can restrict the sources topic to consideration when figuring out spousal help obligations, thereby lessening the potential for a considerable upkeep award.

  • Readability and Avoidance of Disputes

    A well-drafted prenuptial settlement minimizes ambiguity and potential disputes throughout divorce proceedings. By addressing spousal upkeep explicitly, it reduces the chance of protracted litigation over this difficulty, saving each events time and authorized charges. The clear articulation of phrases within the settlement serves as a deterrent to claims for spousal help that exceed the agreed-upon parameters.

  • Enforceability Necessities

    For a prenuptial settlement to be enforceable in Washington State, it should meet sure necessities. Full disclosure of property and liabilities by each events is crucial, as is the chance for every occasion to seek the advice of with unbiased authorized counsel. The settlement should even be entered into voluntarily and with out duress. Failure to fulfill these standards could render the settlement unenforceable, negating its meant impact on spousal upkeep obligations.

In conclusion, prenuptial agreements operate as a vital software for controlling the narrative surrounding spousal upkeep throughout a divorce. By clearly defining phrases and defending separate property, these agreements present a structured framework that may considerably affect, and doubtlessly get rid of, the duty to offer post-divorce help. The effectiveness of a prenuptial settlement hinges on adherence to authorized necessities and a complete understanding of its implications.

2. Postnuptial Agreements

Postnuptial agreements, executed after a wedding, provide a mechanism to switch or set up monetary preparations between spouses, together with spousal upkeep, within the occasion of divorce. Within the context of methods targeted on doubtlessly mitigating or eliminating the responsibility of spousal help in Washington State, these agreements permit {couples} to deal with unexpected circumstances or evolving monetary landscapes throughout their marriage.

  • Modifying Present Spousal Upkeep Obligations

    A postnuptial settlement may be utilized to change beforehand undefined or anticipated spousal upkeep phrases. For instance, if one partner experiences a major improve in earnings or acquires substantial property through the marriage, a postnuptial settlement can set up parameters for spousal upkeep that mirror this modified monetary actuality. This may increasingly contain decreasing the quantity or period of potential help funds, and even waiving them altogether.

  • Addressing Profession Sacrifices and Contributions

    Postnuptial agreements can acknowledge and compensate for sacrifices made by one partner through the marriage, reminiscent of foregoing profession alternatives to help the opposite partner’s skilled development or to care for youngsters. Whereas circuitously eliminating help, the settlement can allocate property in a method that balances these contributions, doubtlessly decreasing the necessity for ongoing spousal upkeep. As an illustration, the settlement may award a bigger share of marital property to the partner who sacrificed their profession, thereby lessening their future dependence on spousal help.

  • Clarifying Separate Property and Monetary Administration

    Much like prenuptial agreements, postnuptial agreements can make clear the standing of separate property and outline how marital funds might be managed. By clearly distinguishing separate property and establishing tips for future monetary selections, the settlement can restrict the commingling of property and the potential for disputes over spousal upkeep. For instance, if one partner inherits a considerable sum, the settlement can stipulate that this inheritance stays separate property and isn’t topic to consideration when figuring out spousal upkeep.

  • Enforceability and Disclosure Necessities

    Enforceability of postnuptial agreements in Washington State hinges on a number of elements. Each events should enter the settlement voluntarily, with full disclosure of their property and liabilities. Every occasion ought to have the chance to seek the advice of with unbiased authorized counsel. The settlement have to be honest and never unconscionable on the time of execution. Failure to fulfill these necessities could render the settlement unenforceable, doubtlessly negating its meant impact on spousal upkeep obligations.

In summation, postnuptial agreements function a dynamic software for managing spousal upkeep issues all through a wedding. By addressing modifications in monetary circumstances, recognizing contributions, and clarifying property possession, these agreements can provide a pathway to doubtlessly decreasing or eliminating spousal help obligations in a divorce. The effectiveness of a postnuptial settlement depends on adherence to authorized requirements and a clear technique of negotiation and disclosure.

3. Difficult Want

A important part of methods geared toward mitigating or eliminating spousal upkeep obligations entails straight difficult the requesting partner’s demonstrable want for help. Washington State courts contemplate the monetary sources of the requesting occasion, together with separate property, incomes capability, and any elements contributing to their monetary scenario. Successfully disputing the asserted want kinds a foundational factor when searching for to keep away from or reduce alimony funds.

The idea of difficult the necessity is based on demonstrating the requesting partner’s means to turn into self-supporting. This may contain presenting proof of current employment, marketable abilities, or the potential for buying abilities via retraining or schooling. For instance, if a partner claims incapability to work as a consequence of well being causes, unbiased medical evaluations could also be launched to problem the veracity of such claims. Equally, if a partner possesses important property that aren’t producing earnings, arguments may be made relating to their potential to make the most of these property for self-support. Demonstrating {that a} partner is deliberately underemployed or foregoing cheap employment alternatives is one other avenue for difficult the asserted want. Correct monetary documentation and knowledgeable testimony, reminiscent of vocational evaluations, turn into important in constructing a compelling case.

In abstract, difficult the perceived want for spousal upkeep calls for a complete evaluation of the requesting partner’s monetary circumstances and potential for self-sufficiency. By presenting persuasive proof that contradicts claims of economic dependence, the paying partner considerably will increase the likelihood of decreasing or eliminating alimony obligations. This method requires diligent investigation, meticulous documentation, and strategic authorized advocacy, aligning with the overarching goal of mitigating monetary burdens related to spousal help after dissolution of marriage.

4. Documented Funds

Correct and complete monetary documentation kinds a cornerstone of any technique targeted on influencing spousal upkeep determinations. The diploma to which monetary data is substantiated and introduced straight impacts the courtroom’s means to evaluate the monetary standing of each events, thereby influencing selections relating to the need, quantity, and period of spousal help.

  • Earnings Verification and Substantiation

    Full earnings documentation, together with tax returns, pay stubs, and enterprise information, offers the courtroom with a transparent understanding of every partner’s earnings. This data serves as the inspiration for calculating help obligations. Presenting verifiable earnings information prevents reliance on unsubstantiated claims or inflated earnings projections, which may result in extreme upkeep awards. As an illustration, if one partner owns a enterprise, offering detailed revenue and loss statements is essential to precisely mirror their precise earnings moderately than counting on hypothesis.

  • Asset Disclosure and Valuation

    A radical accounting of all property, together with actual property, investments, retirement accounts, and private property, is crucial. Correct valuations of those property are equally important. Discrepancies or omissions in asset disclosure can undermine credibility and doubtlessly result in hostile rulings. For instance, failing to reveal a hidden checking account or undervaluing a bit of actual property may be interpreted as an try to control the monetary image introduced to the courtroom.

  • Expense Monitoring and Substantiation

    Documenting bills offers perception right into a partner’s precise monetary wants and spending habits. This data may be significantly related when difficult claims of economic hardship or demonstrating a partner’s means to handle their very own funds. Presenting an in depth finances supported by receipts, financial institution statements, and bank card information permits the courtroom to evaluate the reasonableness of claimed bills and establish areas the place bills could possibly be decreased.

  • Debt and Legal responsibility Disclosure

    Full disclosure of all money owed and liabilities, together with mortgages, loans, and bank card balances, is essential for precisely assessing a partner’s monetary place. Failing to reveal money owed can distort the monetary image and result in unfair help orders. For instance, if a partner has important undisclosed bank card debt, it could be argued that this debt needs to be factored into the help calculation, doubtlessly decreasing the quantity of help awarded to the opposite partner.

The efficient presentation of documented funds acts as a strong software in influencing selections associated to spousal upkeep. By offering a transparent, correct, and verifiable image of every partner’s monetary scenario, the chance to attenuate or keep away from spousal upkeep obligations is elevated. The absence of thorough monetary documentation, conversely, could result in assumptions and rulings primarily based on incomplete or inaccurate data, doubtlessly leading to unfavorable outcomes.

5. Vocational Analysis

Vocational analysis, an goal evaluation of a person’s abilities, aptitudes, and incomes capability, straight impacts spousal upkeep determinations. When searching for to mitigate or get rid of alimony obligations in Washington State, a vocational analysis serves as a important software for demonstrating the requesting partner’s potential for self-sufficiency. A complete analysis can reveal hidden or underdeveloped abilities, establish potential profession paths, and challenge future earnings, offering proof to problem claims of economic dependence. For instance, a partner claiming an incapability to work as a consequence of outdated abilities could bear a vocational analysis revealing aptitude for a special, in-demand occupation, thereby diminishing the justification for long-term spousal help. The analysis outcomes, introduced as knowledgeable testimony, problem unsubstantiated claims and provide concrete information for the courtroom’s consideration.

The sensible software of vocational evaluations extends past preliminary assessments. They’ll establish particular coaching packages or instructional alternatives that may improve the requesting partner’s incomes potential. A vocational knowledgeable can testify relating to the feasibility of pursuing such coaching and the anticipated return on funding when it comes to elevated earnings. This proof helps the argument that spousal upkeep needs to be restricted in period, permitting the requesting partner time to amass the mandatory abilities and turn into financially unbiased. Additional, the analysis can expose situations the place the requesting partner is deliberately underemployed or refusing cheap job provides, strengthening the argument towards ongoing help. Courtroom will contemplate vocational capability and if a person is able to employment, this will decrease the payout. If particular person is employed at a degree not commensurate with their precise abilities, an analysis may present the courtroom they need to be gainfully employed at a better wage and the quantity might be primarily based on their potential, not precise.

In abstract, vocational analysis serves as a key part in managing spousal upkeep obligations. It transforms subjective claims of want into quantifiable information, offering a foundation for knowledgeable authorized arguments. Challenges lie in guaranteeing the evaluator’s impartiality and the accuracy of the evaluation. Nonetheless, by integrating vocational evaluations strategically, and easy methods to keep away from paying alimony in washington state, litigants can demonstrably affect courtroom selections, working towards a decision that aligns with equity and self-sufficiency moderately than extended monetary dependence.

6. Incomes Potential

Incomes potential exerts a major affect on spousal upkeep determinations in Washington State, serving as a key consideration when assessing methods geared toward mitigating or eliminating alimony obligations. The courtroom’s analysis of a partner’s capability to earn earnings straight impacts the willpower of want, a central factor within the alimony calculus. A partner with demonstrable incomes potential, whether or not presently realized or latent, is much less prone to obtain or preserve substantial spousal help. Conversely, a partner with restricted incomes capability, significantly after a protracted marriage the place they might have forgone profession alternatives, could also be extra prone to obtain help. This dynamic underscores the significance of strategically demonstrating or difficult incomes potential in authorized proceedings associated to spousal upkeep.

The affect of incomes potential extends past merely possessing abilities or {qualifications}. The courtroom considers elements reminiscent of the supply of appropriate employment, the native job market, and any obstacles to employment, reminiscent of age, well being, or childcare obligations. For instance, if a partner possesses an expert diploma however lacks current work expertise, the courtroom could assess their potential to re-enter the workforce after retraining or schooling. Conversely, a partner with restricted formal schooling however a historical past of secure employment could also be deemed able to sustaining self-sufficiency with out spousal help. Proof introduced relating to incomes potential typically consists of vocational evaluations, knowledgeable testimony, and labor market analyses, offering the courtroom with a complete understanding of the partner’s financial prospects. In circumstances the place a partner deliberately limits their incomes potential, the courtroom could impute earnings, which means it should calculate help obligations primarily based on their potential earnings moderately than their precise earnings.

In abstract, the idea of incomes potential is inextricably linked to easy methods to keep away from paying alimony in Washington state. By means of complete monetary disclosure, vocational evaluation, and strategic authorized argumentation, litigants could considerably affect the courtroom’s notion of a partner’s incomes capability. This understanding can, in flip, affect the result of spousal upkeep proceedings, resulting in a discount or elimination of alimony obligations the place demonstrable incomes potential exists. The efficient presentation of proof relating to incomes potential calls for a proactive and well-informed method, targeted on demonstrating the requesting partner’s capability for self-sufficiency inside the context of the related authorized and financial panorama.

7. Restricted Marriage Period

Marriage period serves as a major consideration when figuring out spousal upkeep awards. Shorter marriages typically lead to decreased alimony obligations, or in some circumstances, no alimony in any respect. The correlation between restricted marriage period and mitigation of spousal upkeep obligations is important in Washington State.

  • Diminished Presumption of Lengthy-Time period Dependence

    In marriages of quick period, sometimes these lasting lower than 5 years, there’s a diminished presumption that one partner grew to become financially depending on the opposite. Courts are much less prone to order long-term spousal upkeep when the wedding didn’t present enough time for one partner to considerably alter their profession trajectory or turn into economically reliant on the opposite. As an illustration, a two-year marriage is unlikely to lead to substantial alimony funds, absent extraordinary circumstances.

  • Rehabilitation vs. Lengthy-Time period Help

    Even when spousal upkeep is deemed acceptable in a shorter marriage, it’s extra prone to be rehabilitative in nature, moderately than long-term. Rehabilitative upkeep goals to offer the requesting partner with the chance to amass abilities or schooling vital for self-sufficiency. The period of rehabilitative help is usually restricted to the time fairly required for the partner to turn into self-supporting. An instance can be offering help for one yr to permit a partner to finish a certification program.

  • Give attention to Restoring Pre-Marital Standing

    In circumstances of restricted marriage period, the courtroom typically prioritizes restoring every partner to their pre-marital monetary place. This method minimizes the necessity for spousal upkeep, as the idea is that neither partner has considerably altered their monetary circumstances as a direct results of the wedding. If each events entered the wedding with established careers and unbiased funds, the courtroom is much less prone to order ongoing help after a short union.

  • Consideration of Commingled Belongings

    Even briefly marriages, the extent to which property have been commingled through the marriage can affect alimony determinations. If important property have been collectively acquired or commingled, the courtroom could order a extra substantial property division, which might doubtlessly offset the necessity for spousal upkeep. Nonetheless, within the absence of serious commingling, the main target stays on restoring every partner to their pre-marital monetary standing, thus limiting the potential for alimony.

In conclusion, restricted marriage period straight impacts easy methods to keep away from paying alimony in Washington State. The shorter the wedding, the decrease the chance of long-term spousal upkeep. The courtroom focuses on rehabilitative help, restoring pre-marital standing, and the extent of commingled property when figuring out if alimony is acceptable. Nonetheless, there is no such thing as a assure that marriage of restricted period won’t have alimony payout. Every case might be judged by its personal deserves.

8. Modified Circumstances

Put up-decree modifications to spousal upkeep obligations in Washington State hinge considerably on the demonstration of considerable and unanticipated modified circumstances. This provision presents a possible avenue for both decreasing or terminating alimony funds, contingent upon assembly stringent authorized thresholds. Efficiently demonstrating altered circumstances is thus a important factor in methods geared toward mitigating or eliminating ongoing spousal help obligations.

  • Vital Earnings Fluctuations

    A considerable improve within the receiving partner’s earnings, or a major and involuntary lower within the paying partner’s earnings, can represent modified circumstances warranting a modification of spousal upkeep. For instance, if the receiving partner obtains high-paying employment or inherits a considerable sum, the paying partner could petition the courtroom for a discount or termination of help. Conversely, if the paying partner experiences job loss or a debilitating sickness that considerably diminishes their incomes capability, they might search a downward modification of their alimony obligation. The earnings change have to be important and demonstrably have an effect on the monetary stability established through the preliminary divorce decree.

  • Remarriage or Cohabitation

    The remarriage of the receiving partner sometimes constitutes a major change in circumstances that warrants termination of spousal upkeep. That is predicated on the idea that the receiving partner is now supported by their new partner. Even with out formal remarriage, proof of the receiving partner’s cohabitation with a brand new companion can, below sure circumstances, function grounds for modification or termination. The paying partner should exhibit that the cohabitation creates a major monetary profit for the receiving partner, successfully decreasing their want for alimony. Exhibiting pooled sources or shared dwelling bills are components that have to be exhibited in an effort to warrant the stated determination.

  • Surprising Well being Points

    Unexpected and substantial well being points affecting both partner can represent modified circumstances justifying a modification of spousal upkeep. A debilitating sickness or damage that forestalls the receiving partner from working could improve their want for help, doubtlessly resulting in an upward modification. Conversely, a extreme well being difficulty affecting the paying partner could considerably cut back their incomes capability and skill to pay, resulting in a petition for downward modification or termination. The well being difficulty have to be documented and exhibit a major affect on the person’s monetary circumstances.

  • Completion of Rehabilitation or Training

    If spousal upkeep was initially awarded for rehabilitative functions, reminiscent of enabling the receiving partner to finish schooling or job coaching, the completion of that rehabilitation could represent modified circumstances warranting a termination of help. As soon as the receiving partner has achieved the meant aim of changing into self-supporting, the idea for ongoing help diminishes. The paying partner should exhibit that the receiving partner has accomplished the agreed-upon program and has had an affordable alternative to safe employment of their area.

In abstract, demonstrating substantial and unanticipated modified circumstances kinds a important technique for easy methods to keep away from paying alimony in Washington State. The precise circumstances have to be important, unexpected on the time of the preliminary decree, and straight affect the monetary wants or sources of both partner. Efficiently presenting proof of those altered circumstances offers a pathway to modifying or terminating spousal upkeep obligations, aligning help orders with present realities and particular person capabilities. It is very important additionally contemplate the preliminary language of the decree. Language may be included that particularly prohibits future modification of alimony funds.

Often Requested Questions

The next continuously requested questions handle widespread issues and misconceptions relating to spousal upkeep obligations in Washington State. The data offered is for normal informational functions solely and shouldn’t be thought-about authorized recommendation. Seek the advice of with a certified lawyer for recommendation tailor-made to particular circumstances.

Query 1: Can a prenuptial settlement utterly get rid of the potential of spousal upkeep?

A prenuptial settlement can waive spousal upkeep; nevertheless, enforceability depends upon elements reminiscent of full monetary disclosure, unbiased authorized counsel for each events, and absence of duress through the settlement’s execution.

Query 2: What constitutes a ‘short-term’ marriage within the context of spousal upkeep?

Whereas there is no such thing as a legally outlined time period, marriages lasting lower than 5 years are sometimes thought-about short-term. Courts are much less prone to award substantial or long-term spousal upkeep in such circumstances.

Query 3: Can cohabitation of the receiving partner have an effect on spousal upkeep obligations?

Sure. If the receiving partner cohabitates with a brand new companion and derives a monetary profit from that cohabitation, the paying partner could petition the courtroom to switch or terminate spousal upkeep.

Query 4: What’s a vocational analysis, and the way is it related to spousal upkeep?

A vocational analysis assesses a partner’s abilities, schooling, and incomes potential. It offers goal proof of their means to turn into self-supporting, doubtlessly decreasing or eliminating the necessity for spousal upkeep.

Query 5: If a courtroom imputes earnings to a partner, how does that affect spousal upkeep calculations?

Imputed earnings is assigned when a partner is voluntarily underemployed or unemployed. The courtroom calculates spousal upkeep primarily based on the potential earnings, not the precise earnings, thereby decreasing the help obligation.

Query 6: What qualifies as a “substantial change in circumstances” that may justify a modification of spousal upkeep?

Substantial modifications in circumstances sometimes contain important and unanticipated shifts in earnings, well being, or marital standing. Remarriage, important earnings loss as a consequence of involuntary job loss, or a debilitating sickness can all qualify, although have to be confirmed in courtroom.

Understanding the nuances of spousal upkeep regulation and thoroughly documenting monetary circumstances are essential. The presence of such elements will drastically have an effect on the period of time of help being paid.

Take into account consulting with an lawyer skilled in Washington State household regulation for personalised recommendation on easy methods to method this example.

Navigating Spousal Upkeep Obligations in Washington State

Efficiently managing potential spousal upkeep obligations requires a strategic method, grounded in an intensive understanding of Washington State regulation and a dedication to proactive planning. The next ideas present insights into easy methods to doubtlessly mitigate or keep away from these monetary obligations.

Tip 1: Prioritize Monetary Transparency: Keep meticulous information of all earnings, property, and liabilities, as correct documentation is significant in establishing a reputable monetary image. Transparency reduces the potential for unsubstantiated claims or unfavorable assumptions by the courtroom.

Tip 2: Discover Prenuptial or Postnuptial Agreements: Interact in open and sincere discussions with the partner relating to monetary expectations and contemplate establishing formal agreements that delineate spousal upkeep phrases. These agreements provide certainty and management over potential future obligations.

Tip 3: Consider Incomes Capability: Objectively assess the requesting partner’s incomes potential, contemplating their abilities, schooling, and job market alternatives. A vocational analysis could present beneficial proof to help arguments towards long-term spousal help.

Tip 4: Take into account Restricted Marriage Period: In circumstances of shorter marriages, emphasize the restricted interval of economic interdependence and the potential for every partner to return to their pre-marital monetary standing. Courts are much less prone to award substantial spousal upkeep in short unions.

Tip 5: Doc Modified Circumstances: All through the wedding, doc any important modifications in monetary circumstances, reminiscent of substantial earnings fluctuations, well being points, or cohabitation of the receiving partner. This documentation could present grounds for future modification or termination of spousal upkeep.

Tip 6: Search Authorized Counsel Early: Receive steerage from an skilled household regulation lawyer early within the divorce course of. Authorized counsel can present beneficial insights into relevant legal guidelines, strategic choices, and potential outcomes, enabling knowledgeable decision-making.

Tip 7: Be Ready to Negotiate: Spousal upkeep is usually a negotiable facet of divorce proceedings. Be ready to have interaction in constructive dialogue and discover various options, reminiscent of lump-sum settlements or property divisions, which will mitigate or get rid of ongoing help obligations.

Proactive monetary planning, clear communication, and strategic authorized advocacy are essential for efficiently navigating potential spousal upkeep obligations and selling equitable outcomes. A complete plan helps to keep away from paying alimony in Washington state.

These methods symbolize proactive steps, the particular implementation of which needs to be tailor-made to particular person circumstances and guided by authorized counsel. Understanding these choices offers a stable basis for managing spousal help within the occasion of marital dissolution.

Navigating Spousal Upkeep in Washington State

This exploration of easy methods to keep away from paying alimony in washington state has outlined a number of methods which will affect spousal upkeep determinations. Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements, demonstrably restricted want for help, challenges to monetary claims, proof of serious modified circumstances, the potential for vocational analysis, and strategic consideration of marriage period symbolize essential components. The profitable software of those methods hinges on diligent preparation, clear monetary disclosure, and knowledgeable authorized advocacy.

Spousal upkeep disputes require cautious consideration. Particular person circumstances and authorized counsel are important. This underscores the necessity for proactive planning and knowledgeable decision-making to make sure a good and equitable decision that aligns with each the authorized framework and particular person monetary realities.